![]() Other efforts were later initiated, by decreasing order of magnitude, in sugarcane with the U.S. Cooperative work with Latin American entomologists was initiated later and supported by the Divisions of Biological Control, University of California, Riverside, which for decades was a world center for mass-rearing and distributing natural enemies of citrus pests. Most of the early work on biological control was concentrated on homopteran citrus pests, mainly because citrus marked the beginning of biological control history in 1888. These efforts were supplemented by the establishment of specialized insectaries in Mexico in 1928 in Chile (La Cruz) in 1929 and later in Peru, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Nicaragua. In 1904, natural enemies were introduced into Peru for the control of white scale, Pinnaspis strachani (Cooley), in cotton in 1908, Encarsia ( Prospaltella) berlesi (Howard) was introduced into Argentina to combat the white peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) ( Hagen & Franz, 1973). For example, in 1903, Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville and Rhizobius ventralis (Erichson) were introduced into Chile from California for the control of scale insects ( Gonzalez & Rojas, 1966). The earliest recorded efforts of classical biological control in the region date to the beginning of the twentieth century. NICHOLLS, in Handbook of Biological Control, 1999 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Releases of predator mites have been used in glasshouses for spider mite suppression ( see INSECTS AND OTHER ANIMALS | Mites). Releasing green lacewings against the rose aphid has not been shown to offer significant control in research trials. Lady beetles naturally present on-site often increase in number when aphid populations are high. In any event, all released lady beetles are unlikely to lay eggs and will fly away once aphid populations have been substantially reduced. However, expect 90% of the lady beetles to fly away in the first 24 h. For best results, lady beetles should be misted with a water spray before release and releases should be made in the evening at dusk by placing beetles on canes at the base of plants. Releases of commercially available convergent lady beetles can reduce an aphid population, but large numbers must be released on each individual rose plant. Releases of insect predators outdoors have been successful in some situations, less so in others. Tjosvold, in Encyclopedia of Rose Science, 2003 Insect Releases ![]() Red-winged blackbirds Agelaius phoeniceus (Passeriformes: Icteridae) is a predator of prehibernation adults of the sunflower beetle in Manitoba ( Neill, 1982). ![]() ![]() exclamationis larvae, while Erixestus winnemana Crawford (Pteromalidae) attacks the eggs ( Neill, 1982 Rogers, 1980). doryphorae Riley (Diptera: Tachinidae) are important parasitoids of the larvae or adults ( Charlet, 2003 Neill, 1982 Rogers, 1980). exclamationis adults.ĭipteran flies, including Doryphorophaga macella Reinhard, Myiopharus macellus, and M. Podisus maculiventris Say (Pentatomidae) prey on Z. (Nabidae) and Perillus bioculatus Fabricius (Pentatomidae) ( Walker Jr., 1936 Westdal, 1975 Rogers, 1980 Neill, 1982 Knodel et al., 2000). Edde, in Field Crop Arthropod Pests of Economic Importance, 2022 Natural enemiesĪrthropod predators of sunflower beetle eggs or larvae include: the 13-spotted lady beetle and the convergent lady beetle (Coccinellidae) larvae of the common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Collops vittatus Say (Melyridae) the ground beetle Lebia atriventris Say (Carabidae) damsel bugs Nabis sp.
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